by+名词/动名词什么意思

by+名词/动名词一般可以翻译为“通过/靠”。

例句：

They arrived by car yesterday.

译文：他们昨天坐（通过）车来的。

I lost weight by running.

译文：通过跑步，我变瘦了。

By hard work, he was admitted to the university